POSTER 06
Section 2 · PMBOK 7 — The Practitioner's Toolkit
Models, Methods & Artifacts
PMBOK 7 stops prescribing process and instead gives a toolkit you tailor (Poster 5). Three families: Models are thinking frameworks that explain a situation; Methods are the means to produce an output; Artifacts are the templates, documents & deliverables you create.
MODELS — ways to think
Situational leadership: flex style (direct → coach → support → delegate) to follower readiness.Communication: sender–receiver, channels = n(n−1)/2, cross-cultural & effectiveness models.Motivation: Maslow (hierarchy) · Herzberg (hygiene vs motivators) · McGregor (Theory X / Y) · intrinsic vs extrinsic · Pink (Autonomy·Mastery·Purpose).Change: ADKAR · Kotter 8-Step · Bridges Transition (ending→neutral→beginning) · Satir curve.Complexity: Cynefin (clear / complicated / complex / chaotic) · Stacey matrix.Team development: Tuckman (Forming·Storming·Norming·Performing·Adjourning) · Drexler–Sibbet.Conflict: Thomas–Kilmann — Compete · Collaborate · Compromise · Avoid · Accommodate.Stakeholders: Salience (Power·Legitimacy·Urgency) · Power/Interest grid.Process / planning: PDCA · OODA · escalation & negotiation models.
METHODS — ways to do
Data gathering: brainstorming · interviews · focus groups · benchmarking · surveys · checklists.Data analysis: alternatives · cost-benefit · earned value · forecasting · root-cause · variance · trend · what-if · SWOT · regression · reserve · assumption/constraint.Estimating: analogous (top-down) · parametric · three-point / PERT · bottom-up · affinity (story points, t-shirt sizing).Decision-making: voting / fist-of-five · multicriteria (MCDA) · weighted scoring.Data representation: see Artifacts → "visual data & information".Meetings & events: stand-ups · reviews · retrospectives · planning · kick-offs.
ARTIFACTS — things you show
Strategy: business case · project brief · charter · roadmap.Logs & registers: assumption · backlog · change · issue · lessons-learned · risk · stakeholder (RAID).Plans: PM plan + subsidiary plans (scope, schedule, cost, quality, comms, risk, etc.).Baselines: scope · schedule · cost · the integrated performance measurement baseline (PMB) .Hierarchy charts: WBS · OBS · RBS (risk & resource breakdown).Visual data & info: Gantt · burn-up/down · cumulative flow (CFD) · S-curve · RACI · dashboard · story map · value stream map.Reports: status · progress · quality · risk reports.Agreements / contracts: FFP · T&M · CPFF · CPIF.
High-Yield Exam Concepts
Contract risk: FFP = most risk on seller ; CPFF / cost-plus = most risk on buyer ; T&M = shared.PERT (expected) = (O + 4M + P) / 6 · PERT σ = (P − O) / 6.Communication channels = n(n − 1) / 2.
Baseline = approved version + approved changes; measure actuals against it.Know cold: Tuckman stages · Cynefin domains · Thomas-Kilmann modes · Salience · ADKAR vs Kotter .
Match the tool to the context — there is no single "right" set.
Executive View
Standardise a core toolkit ; let teams tailor the rest.
Dashboards & S-curves are the artifacts that reach the board .
Contract type = a strategic risk-allocation lever, not an admin detail.
Industry Example — Manufacturing Transformation (Lean Cell)
Manufacturing
Models: Cynefin to classify the change · Kotter + ADKAR to drive shop-floor adoption · Tuckman to read the new cell team.Methods: cost-benefit + parametric estimate to justify the cell · root-cause (5 Whys) on defects · what-if for capacity.Artifacts: business case · WBS · risk register · S-curve · RACI · value stream map of the line.
Memory Hooks
"Models think · Methods do · Artifacts show." Tuckman: "Form a Storm, Normally Perform, then Adjourn."
Artifacts = the PM's paper trail (logs record, baselines compare, reports communicate).
Define model / method / artifact
Recite PERT + channels formulas
Who holds risk: FFP vs CPFF
List Tuckman's 5 stages
Name 3 visual-data artifacts